A Day Late and A Dollar Short †Theology Essay

A Day Late and A Dollar Short †Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers John came to me discouraged and miserable. As he talked, he illustrated joblessness, mature age, sick wellbeing, and sentiments of disappointment and defenselessness. Whatever I do and whatever I attempt, it continuously appears that Im slow on the uptake, said John dejectedly. Maybe you can relate to John in some part of your life. One day Jesus met a man at the pool of Bethesda. It was a well known pool. Huge numbers of debilitated and sick individuals went to the pool looking for recuperating. It was accepted by numerous that at specific seasons a blessed messenger would go down into the waters and work the waters up. Whoever was first into the waters was mended of their malady. (See John 5:1-17). The man that Jesus experienced at the pool had been an invalid for thirty-eight years. At the point when Jesus inquired as to whether he needed to be recuperated, he answered, pretty much, Im consistently per day late and a dollar short. As a matter of fact the man stated, Sir, I have no man to place me into the pool when the water is worked up, yet while I am coming, another means down before me. (John 5:7). In any case, that experience with Jesus completely changed him, brought mending, and expectation. In the event that you can relate to being behind the curve in some part of your life, go to the pool of Bethesda. Dont search for a holy messenger, look to Jesus, who is. Benevolent. Indeed, even in the old pledge, before Jesus went to the cross, God showed His benevolence in different ways and events. During the Israelites trek through the wild, they started to mumble, whine, and renegade against God. God sent red hot snakes among them. Hoards were nibbled and kicked the bucket. At the point when they shouted out to God, He taught Moses to make a bold snake and put it on a shaft. On the off chance that somebody was nibbled by a harmful snake and looked on the baldfaced snake, they were mended. David favored such a lenient God with thanksgiving and commendation. (See Psalm 103). Indeed, even before Jesus went to the cross to give salvation and recuperating, God would send a holy messenger down to inconvenience the water at the pool of Bethesda and carry mending to a few. (See Isaiah 53; John 5:1-17). For what reason did He do it? Since He is forgiving. For what reason did Jesus waste time with this invalid who was consistently per day late and a dollar short? Since His sympathies fall flat not. Desires. Jesus raises our desires and expectation. Jesus solicited this invalid from thirty-eight years an extremely bizarre inquiry. Would you like to be well? One would feel that would be a sworn off end. Be that as it may, Jesus realized that except if we raise our desires, we will never be mended. We will be incapacitated by sadness, gloom, dread, and uncertainty. This invalid was searching for somebody to help him into the water. He had nobody. In any case, God needs us to raise our desires from others, or even ourselves, and spotlight on Him. He is our desire and expectation. (See Jeremiah 29:11; Psalm 62:5; Luke 3:15; Romans 13:13). RAPHA is the Lord who recuperates (Jehovah-Rapha). At the point when Moses drove the Israelites through the wild, they had no water. They at long last came to Marah, yet couldn't drink the water since it was harsh. Moses shouted out to the Lord and the Lord indicated him a tree. Moses tossed the tree into the water and the water turned out to be sweet. God made a contract with Israel and uncovered Himself as Jehovah Rapha the Lord your Healer. (See Exodus 15:22-26). I accept that tree, tossed into the water, is a kind of the cross of Christ and Gods arrangement for us through the reparation of Christ. What do you should be recuperated from? Is it sin? Sharpness? Affliction? Look to Rapha Jesus your Healer. Decrees and dutifulness go along with mending, wellbeing, and expectation. Jesus told the wiped out man at the pool to take up his bed and return home. The man was mended as he obeyed Jesus order. Peruse cautiously Gods condition for mending in Exodus 15:26. Confidence and submission cooperate. YAHWEHS LORD. For a considerable length of time, this invalid had been hoping to individuals to support him. God commonly utilizes individuals, however just a single Physician can mend our spirit. Just Yahwehs Lord Jesus is the all-adequate one. At the point when the strict pioneers asked who the man was who mended him, he didnt know. Later he met Jesus in the sanctuary and found that Jesus is Yahweh (Jehovah). The name is gotten from the Hebrew root to be, to turn into. It is the most hallowed name for God. He is absolutely self-existent. Jesus said He is simply the One who has life. (John 5:26). For what reason do we look somewhere else? Why dont we rest in His unchangeableness? He has never fizzled. He can't! The Lord (Yahweh) sent the man on his way with this reprobation. View, you have gotten well; do no transgression any longer, so nothing more regrettable happens upon you. (John 5:14). Have you managed the wrongdoing issue in your life? Maybe youve saw that each purposes of this article shapes an acrostic MERCY. On the off chance that we admit our transgressions, He is loyal and just to pardon us our wrongdoings, and to purify us from all wickedness. (1 John 1:9). Examination Papers on A Day Late and A Dollar Short - Theology Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Hockey GameThe Project Managment Office SystemMind TravelThe Fifth Horseman

Anyone Except the Clutters: the Question of Meaning in Capote’s in Cold Blood

An abnormal thing happens when individuals like the Clutters experience a â€Å"undeserved† adversity. Maybe hardship is putting it mildly in the Clutters case, however the truth of the matter is that when awful things happen to great individuals, everybody around them can't resist the opportunity to scrutinize the idea of good and fiendishness; with that comes the presence of God. Capote put it best in the statement he included from the teacher: â€Å"Feeling wouldn’t run half so high if this had transpired with the exception of the Clutters. Anybody less respected. Prosperous. Secure. In any case, that family spoken to everything individuals hereabouts truly worth and regard, and that something like this could transpire â€well , it’s like being told there is no God. It causes life to appear to be futile. † (88) The topic of why terrible things happen to great individuals is a stacked inquiry; one that is more extensive than the extent of this article. The objective of this paper will be to figure out what Capote’s answer to this inquiry is, at any rate with regards to this novel. Does he accept that the Clutters passed on for an explanation, or that it was just an irregular demonstration that they were up to speed in by some coincidence? All through the novel, the one character who is totally devoured by the topic of importance is Detective Dewey. His commitment to finding the Clutters killers is driven by his conviction that â€Å"he may unexpectedly ‘see something,’ that a significant detail would pronounce itself† (83). The Clutters murder didn’t appear to have any obvious importance. However, Detective Dewey was not the only one in his conviction that the activities individuals do are important; that the occasions that happen in this world have a request, a structure. This conviction is pervasive, particularly in strict gatherings, and we learn in the novel that Holcomb, Kansas is a piece of the â€Å"Bible Belt† (34). It was certainly a strict town, and the Clutters were churchgoing society. Dewey, hence, can't avoid accepting there is an explanation behind everything, and that the Clutters demise had a reason. Is that what Capote wishes to let us know? Since I make some troublesome memories understanding what reason there could be for a persevering, affluent group of four to be killed in their beds for â€Å"a scarcely any dollars and a radio† (103). The structure of this novel is somewhat odd for a â€Å"murder-mystery†; it isn't told sequentially; the evening of the homicide is skirted until the end. All the more critically, we are told directly from the earliest starting point of the novel that the four Clutters are killed, and we realize who killed them. For a run of the mill murder-riddle, the disclosure of the executioner is consistently the peak of the activity. Indeed, Capote has given us more than the names of the executioners; he gives us understanding into their lives, and musings, driving up the homicides. The purpose behind this is on the grounds that Capote has molded a novel where we are not perusing to discover who executed the wrongdoing, however why the executioners slaughtered the Clutters. I think, of the considerable number of characters in this novel, Dewey is the one in particular who attempts to respond to this inquiry. Truth be told, the motivation behind why he accepts that the executioners to be inspired by close to home interests, despite the fact that the passings were â€Å"brutal and without evident motive† (70), is on the grounds that he accepts that there must be something he isn't seeing. He makes reference to a few times that the police office â€Å"didn’t have all the facts† (70) and didn’t truly comprehend what they were managing. He takes a gander at all the signs; examinations all the information; talks with all the townspeople who had feelings of resentment, business, or any motivation to detest the Clutters. He realizes that the data he is seeing doesn’t bode well, however he can’t make sense of the key, the intimation, the riddle that will bode well. Dewey feels that the way to understanding why the Clutters kicked the bucket is their executioners. On the off chance that he can discover who executed the Clutters, at that point he will know why they slaughtered the Clutters. Tragically, the entirety of the â€Å"knowledge† about the wrongdoings from the individuals who submitted it doesn't offer Dewey any conclusive responses: But the admissions, however they responded to inquiries of how and why, neglected to fulfill his feeling of significant structure. The wrongdoing was a mental mishap, for all intents and purposes a generic demonstration; the casualties should have been slaughtered by lightning. (245) I don’t imagine this is a reasonable articulation for Dewey to make, despite the fact that he is the character that would accept along these lines. Saying that the Clutters should have honey bee â€Å"killed by lightning† (245) is to state that anything could have executed them. While this is valid as in anybody could bite the dust at some random second, it isn't correct as in the executioners couldn't have been simply anyone. The Clutters were a decent, white, wealthy and (sensibly) glad. In spite of the fact that when we read this novel, we may not feel very appended to the Clutters, we can undoubtedly observe that they were acceptable individuals. Their neighbors have just decent comments about them, and the town feels that â€Å"of all the individuals on the planet, they were the most drastically averse to be murdered† (85). They were not the sort of individuals who made others need to kill them. The killings could be said to have been â€Å"impersonal†, yet I believe that the more right articulation isn't that anything could have executed the Clutters, yet that Dick and Perry could have murdered anybody. The Clutters were the discretionary piece of the condition. The main explanation they were picked over some other family was the way that they were warned about a safe on their property. On the off chance that they had never been told about the protected I accept that Dick and Perry, more then likely, could never have met the Clutters. The executioners, especially Dick, were set up to murder up to twelve individuals that November night. Dick had no chance to get of realizing who might be there, however realized that it didn’t matter who was there, he would do what he needed to so as to make sure about his and Perry’s adventure. That they just got a radio and 40 or 50 dollars out of the deal was optional. The Clutters were the exemplification of the American Dream, encapsulating a way of life that all Americans could identify with. In any case, on the off chance that they bite the dust and there is no explanation behind it, no importance to it, at that point that implies that the American Dream, by expansion, is likewise dead; it would be â€Å"like being told there is no God† (88). On the off chance that the American Dream is dead, at that point being a decent individual isn't sufficient to shield you from the terrible things on the planet. I feel that however Capote has Dewey scanning for importance to this disaster, I would contend that Dewey never finds what he is looking for. The culprits were relied upon to be beasts; abhorrent; sorry in any event. In any case, I don’t think Dick and Perry satisfied the public’s thought of the Clutter’s killers. ? Works Cited Capote, Truman. Without a second thought. Toronto: Random House, 1993. Print.

Terraria Guide (Editor) Essay Example

Terraria Guide (Editor) Paper Venture Information: https://code. google. com/p/tsge/Project Updates: https://code. google. com/p/tsge/downloads/list Bug Reports, Issues, and Suggestions: https://code. google. com/p/tsge/issues/list Donations: https://www. paypal. com/cgi-canister/webscr? cmd= .. :: What TSGE? ::. TSGE (which represents Terraria Save Game Editor) is a spare game proofreader that permits players to change their spare game records (profiles) and modify their characters. .. :: What can TSGE do? : TSGE is a FULL spare game editorial manager. It can alter all parts ofa spare game document. TSGE can alter the accompanying: * Player name. * Difficulty setting. * Male/female character banner. * Hotbar bolted status banner. * Health/Mana. * Player hues. * Player haircut. * Player buffs/debuffs. * Player stock. * Player gear. (Counting all shield, colors, and so on ) inventories. * Player bank and safe TSGE doesn't at present incorporate a manager for server passages yet upon demand it can/will be included. As of now there was no interest for it previously however. .. :: IS TSGE Cheating? Actually, yes. Utilizing TSGE enables you to give yourself each and any favorable position of having things that others might not have. Nonetheless, since the information is put away on your PC, altering the file(s) isn't unlawful. FAQ Q. Where would i be able to discover new forms of TSGE? A. https://code. google. com/p/tsge/Q. TSGE wont stack; help! A. Ensure you have . NET 4. 0 introduced, just as the XNA structure redistributable. . NET 4. 0 : http://www. microsoft. com/en-us/download/subtleties . aspx? id=17851 XNA Redist. : http://www. microsoft. om/en-us/download/etails. aspx? id=20914 Q. Would you be able to add a component to TSGE? A. Without a doubt, make a ticket here and clarify the component you need: code. google. com/p/tsge/issues/list Q. I found a bug, issue, grammatical error, and so forth. A. Incredible, report it here: https://code. google. com/p/tsge/issues/list :: Legal Info Terraria (c) Redigit/wrww. terraria. organization https://I, atomOs, guarantee no possession to the trad emark Terraria or any of its substance, information, pictures, and so forth. The information utilized in TSGE is copyright (c) to Redigit/Terraria. All rights saved. :: TSGE License We will compose a custom article test on Terraria Guide (Editor) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Terraria Guide (Editor) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Terraria Guide (Editor) explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer TSGE is free programming: you can redistribute it as well as adjust it under the details of the GNU General Public License as distributed by the Free Software Foundation, either form 3 of the License, or (at your alternative) any later form. TSGE is appropriated with the expectation that it will be valuable, however WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the inferred guarantee of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. see the GNU General Public License for additional subtleties. You ought to have gotten a duplicate of the GNU General Public License alongside TSGE. If not, see .

Challenges of Global Governance Multinational Corporations - 550 Words

Evaluate the Relevance of Multinational Corporations According to Kern & Mingst and Mike Collins (Essay Sample) Content: MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS Challenges of global governance: Multinational CorporationsTwo decades ago, globalization was heralded as the harbinger for positive economic, political and social reform. However, as Collins (2015) points out the golden age of open borders is full of hurdles and obstacles and the costs seem to outweigh the benefits. He concedes that MNCs, the engines that have fuelled the new global order have facilitated economic growth and boosted information, technology and cultural transfer to some extent. Cross boarder capital flows have led to the creation of jobs and deflated consumer prices as companies become more competitive and labor, cheaper. Information and technology flows, on the other hand have boosted acculturation and stimulated the adoption of principles like democracy, equality, and human rights all over the globe.However, despite these positive outcomes, Collins contends that globalization has had far-reaching negative outcomes and i s particularly unfavorable for the working class in America. Protectionist attitudes impede free trade as nations enforce restrictive import and export measures. The working class in developed nations faces the continual threat of job loss and pay cuts due to the cheap labor provided in other countries whereas workers in developing nations slave in poor working conditions with subpar wages. Furthermore, there is an increase in counterfeit product as technology gets copied, an increase in digital heists, ecological damage and invasion of communicable diseases.Collins argument seems strongly inclined towards the unfavorable outcomes of globalization for developed nations especially the working class. Kern, Mingst and Stiles however, contend that globalization has more adverse effects on developing nations as MNCs pose a threat to national sovereignty and culture, exploit labor, deplete natural resources, downgrade environments and carry out social injustices. These two points of vie w perfectly capture the tug of war and differing points of view present in the global market with emerging nations skeptical of the motives and influence of MNCs and MNCs decrying the unfavorable conditions, levies and treatment, duplication of content and unfair competition in host nations. Both Kern (2015) and Collins (2015) recognize the need for practical rules and guidelines to safeguard both the interest of MNCs and host nations. Collins suggests that sound leadership, balanced and fair trade agreements and a strict enforcement of rules are requisite for a unified and cooperative global system. Kern and Stiles on the other hand proposes more diplomatic measures. They aggrandize the UN global compact principles which call on MNCs to espouse a culture of integrity by meeting fundamental responsibilities to people and planet as a launch pad to cross boarder ethics and understanding. They also point out that multi-lateral diplomacy which advocates for a balance in exchanges, pow er and charm and promotes diffuse reciprocity can be highly effective in quelling political and economic tensions between guest and host. However, though good on paper, the overload of countries and organizations with varying interesting and opinions coupled with the absence of a supranational organization to provide central direction serve to undermine the authority, effectiveness and impact of multilateral diplomacy. Globalization is a double edged sword with profound benefits and equally profound pitfalls. The complex, dynamic, highly competitive and extre...

The On Video Clip ( S ) - 2073 Words

1. Other than what is stated in the lesson plan(s), what occurred immediately prior to and after the video clip(s) that is important to know in order to understand and interpret the interactions between and among you and your students? Please provide any other information needed to interpret the events and interactions in the video clip(s). Prior to the start of my video segment, my students had just come back from P.E class. Most of them were tired and sweaty and were having a hard time focusing. I allowed students to get drinks of water quickly before the bell rang and then started the period by correcting homework from the previous night. During the correcting process, students were expected to provide me with their answers and also a rationale as to why they solved that problem the way they did. Once all questions had been answered and students felt comfortable moving on, they were asked to take out their â€Å"focus sheets† to begin working on their warm-ups. Said focus sheets require students to write down a â€Å"focus† question about the unit and to record relevant vocabulary definitions from the section. On this particular day, there were no new vocabulary words. Typically, students are expected to write down the textbook definition of any vocabulary words, restate said definition in their own wo rds and draw a representation of such. Immediately after my video segment ended, the students were given their homework for the day. They then had about thirty seconds to collectShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Video Clip ( S ) Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. Which lesson or lessons are shown in the video clip(s)? Identify the lesson(s) by lesson plan number. [ EdTPA Lesson plans 1 and 2 are shown in the video clips.] 2. Promoting a Positive Learning Environment Refer to scenes in the video clip(s) where you provided a safe, respectful, and organized learning environment. a. 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While Fusco’s live performance was the actual reactions of the audience, but Fusco’s video â€Å"The Couple in the Cage† had other factors that gave the watchers a different view of the satirical piece. But, Fusco does not examine the role of her editorial decisions which leading the watchers into her own bias viewsRead MoreInvestigating The Ability Of A Controlled Variable1055 Words   |  5 Pageswith transitivity as well as consistency. II. Rationale for the Study The authors pursued this study to experiment with a controlled variable. The authors suggested that presently there were three main research studies conducted to test children s ability to answer questions, but the experimental methods differed. As a result of these differences, the experiments could not be compared or determined to be reliable. The Matthews et al. (2006) study tested the children using a (â€Å"What happened?†)

Art Critique Art Museum - 1512 Words

Art Critique This past weekend I visited the Blanton Art Museum in Austin, Texas. It is located Near the Capital, on the edge of the street. I took a deep breath and put coins in the meter and headed for the door. Upon walking in I stood outside for a moment to take a look around, I have never been to an art museum before so I wanted to get the full effect before my critique. It was quiet, unusual for Austin but, there were people walking around the museum as well and taking pictures. In this era, how could I go in without taking a picture of myself in front of the building and where you could see the capital in the background. When you walk into the museum you are greeted with warm smiles from the front desk and you pay for your admission pick up some pamphlets and you are on your way. While walking past security in into the first exhibit, â€Å"Design for Living in Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela. I began to wonder if I was going to enjoy myself or not? I walked past many art works before I deci ded to head upstairs to see if maybe something different would catch my eye. Not that the art in the other room was any different but I was looking for a bigger attention grabber. The steps lead up to right where I would finally begin my paper. I walked into a smaller room, completely white with random sketches on the wall and a name Donald Moffett would then catch my eye. They had a small introduction about him on the wall. That’s where I would learn that he was from San Antonio TexasShow MoreRelatedAppreciation Of A Novel By Barbara Kruger1311 Words   |  6 PagesAppreciation of art is like the appreciation of a novel. One may read a title of a novel and be amazed and curios but will never appreciate it fully if the novel is not read from cover to cover. For any piece of art, one needs to learn about the artist, the story behind the piece and the purpose of the piece. 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Instrumental Leadership Measurement and Extension

Question: Discuss about the Instrumental Leadership for Measurement and Extension. Answer: Introduction Leadership can be defined as an action of leading the employees in an organization towards achieving organizational success (Clarke, 2013). Leaders are responsible for directing, building inspiring vision and creating something new for organizational progress. Leadership can be classified based on the ways in which organizational leaders lead the employees. Some leaders are stick in existing organizational structure for achieving organizational success (Collins et al., 2014). On the other hand, some leaders are highly dynamic in nature for adjusting with dynamic business environment and bringing innovation towards organizational success. The study will critically assess transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Moreover, based on the critical assessment, the study will also demonstrate the superiority of one leadership over other. Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership is one of the most important leadership styles for managing the workforces of an organization. It highly focuses on supervision, organization and performance of the employees. In this leadership style, organizational leaders control the productivity and efficiency level of the employees through reward and punishment. According to Antonakis and House, (2014), transactional leadership style highly focuses on directing and motivating the employees by tempting to their self-interest. The power of these kinds of leaders come their formal responsibility and authority of the organization. On the other hand, McCleskey, (2014) opined that transactional leadership style is also known as telling style, where the employees are to follow the instruction provided by the leaders. The exchange between the employees and the leader takes place through achieving routine performance goals. These types of leaders motivate the employees through rewarding them on achievement of the ir desired goals. On the other hand, the leaders punish the employees, who do not wish to work as per organizational standards. According to Birasnav, (2014), transactional leaders connect the goals with rewards, explain the expectation, and provide essential resources, set mutually agreed goals and offer rewards for success performance. On the other hand, Wahyuni et al., (2014) opined that transactional leaders intervene only when employee performance does not meet the standards of organization. They tend to monitor the work of the employees, watch the deviation from the organizational standards and take corrective actions for minimizing that deviation. Tyssen et al., (2014) opined that transactional leaders allow employees to make decisions. The employees are allowed to make decision for the work process, but all the decisions remain under the control of the leaders. Transactional leaders highly follow the structure and value of their organization. According to Epitropaki and Martin, (2013), these kinds of leaders are more concerned about maintaining the normal flow of operation. They overemphasize on detailed and short-term goals and set standard work procedures. On the other hand, Odumeru and Ogbonna, (2013) pointed out that transactional leaders do not encourage employees creativity and generation of innovative ideas. Therefore, this kind of leadership is better applied in such organization, where organizational problems are simple and clearly defined. Transactional leaders tend to ignore the ideas, which do not fit with the existing organizational plans and goals. Furthermore, Hamstra et al., (2014) opined that transactional leaders are highly directive and action-oriented as per organizational standards. The relationship of these leaders with the employees is highly transitory and not based on any emotional bonds. Moreover, transactional lea dership works well in crisis situation, where high level of focus is needed for accomplishing certain task. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is a kind of leadership approach, where organizational leaders work with the employees towards identifying the organizational changes. They are also intended towards creating vision to guide the changes by inspiration and executing the changes through the efforts of committed group of employees. Creating high performance employees is of prime importance for any organization. It needs organizational leaders to inspire the employees and go beyond just task requirements. Transformational leaders are inspiring, visionary, thoughtful thinker, daring and risk-takers. These leaders allow the employees for fostering their creativity and innovation towards organizational success. According to Furtner et al., (2013), the foundation of transformational leadership is to promote consistent mission, vision and set of value for the employees. These leaders guide the employees through strong sense of meaning and challenges. They work optimistically and enthusiastically towards fostering spirit of teamwork and commitment. On the other hand, Rowold, (2014) opined that transformational leaders encourage the employees to be creative and innovative. They encourage innovative ideas from the employees and never criticize the employees publicly for any of their mistakes. Furthermore, Choi et al., (2014) pointed out that transformational leaders can act like role model for the employees and the employees can emulate them for enhancing their job efficiency. Such leaders always gain respect and trust from the employees through their work. The leaders highly understand the needs of the employees and often sacrifice personal gain for the favor of the employees. On the other hand , Tremblay and Gibson, (2016) mentioned that transformational leaders rewards employees for their innovation and creativity. They treat employees differently as per their talent and knowledge level. Transformational leaders start with developing a vision and view for future, which can excite the employees towards organizational changes. Akbar et al., (2015) mentioned that such leaders encourage the employees towards accomplishing more than what is anticipated. Transformational leaders have the ability of transforming the self-interest of the employees into collective interest. They motivate the employees to beyond their self-interest for organizational favor. On the other hand, Ali et al., (2014) opined that transformational leaders provide autonomy over specific task and delegate authority to the employees when they are trained. This leadership style highly emphasizes on ethics and cooperation in addition to higher human value. Transformational leadership is adaptive in nature and can be tailored to fulfill both individual as well as organizational goals. This kind of leadership can bring harmony to the organizational situation by enhancing organizational efficiency. Critical Analysis of Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership According to Odumeru and Ogbonna, (2013), transactional leaders employ reward and punishment to motivate employees towards organizational success. They are highly concerned about the association between the rewards and efforts. On the other hand, Birasnav, (2014) opined that transformational leaders employ enthusiasm and charisma for inspiring the employees towards organization success. They arouse emotions within the employees, which motivates them to work beyond the framework. In transformational leadership, the leaders emphasize more on relationship with the employee, whereas, transformational leaders emphasize more on ideals, values, needs and morals of the employees. According to Tyssen et al., (2014), transactional leaders are highly responsive in nature and the basic orientation of this leadership deals with present issues. On the other hand, McCleskey, (2014) pointed out that transformational leaders are proactive in nature and it generates new expectation from the employees. Transactional leadership goes with normal and existing flow of organization and does not encourage any changes in the organization, whereas, transformational leadership encourage organizational changes for adjusting with dynamic business environment. According to Clarke, (2013), transactional leadership is highly reliant on the power of the leaders towards reinforcing subordinates for successful completion of the desired goals. On the other hand, Epitropaki and Martin, (2013) opined that transformational leaders possess effective visioning, management and rhetorical skills for developing strong emotional bonds with the employees. Transactional leaders develops existing or ganizational culture, whereas, transformational leaders change the existing organizational culture. According to Rowold, (2014), transactional leaders are bureaucratic in nature and the employees are to follow the instruction of the leaders. On the other hand, Tremblay and Gibson, (2016) opined that transformational leadership is charismatic nature and the leaders act as role model for the employees towards performing for organizational success. Birasnav, (2014) mentioned that transactional leaders rely on planning and execution of the organizational goals through existing organizational policies. On the other hand, Hamstra et al., (2014) opined that transformational leaders allow the employees to innovate and create new ideas for organizational success. Transformational leaders reward the employees based on their creativity and innovation. Transactional leadership is best suited, where organizational problem is quite simple, whereas, transformational leadership is best suited, where organizational problem is complex in nature. Moreover, transactional leadership mostly deals with d ay-to-day operation, whereas, transformational leadership goes beyond the day-to-day operations and craft organizational strategies for next level success. Superiority of Leadership Style (Transformational Leadership Style) According to Rowold, (2014), in transactional leadership, the personal interests of the employees are not taken into consideration for achieving organizational success. There is no emotional bond between the leaders and the employees. On the other hand, Clarke, (2013) opined that transformational leaders takes the self-interest of the employees into consideration along with organizational success. Therefore, in transformational leadership, there is high level of emotional bond between the employees and leaders. In this way, transformational leaders are much more capable of bringing organizational harmony than those of transactional leaders. It minimizes the gap of the employees with the leaders of the organization having high level of support from the leaders. According to Choi et al., (2014), transactional leaders tend to maintain the existing organizational structure and do not encourage innovation and creativity from the sides of employees. Employees are to work simply with the normal flow of the organization. Therefore, transactional leaders are incapable of facing dynamic situation and unable to solve complex organizational problems. On the other hand, Ali et al., (2014) opined that transformational leaders are highly focused on future oriented actions and allow innovation and creativity of the employees towards organizational success. Therefore, transformational leaders are capable of creating uniqueness in the organization and beating the market competition. Transformational leaders get ample amount of solutions to the complex organizational problems, as they allow creative ideas of the employees to solve organizational problems. Therefore, transformational leaders are much more capable of solving complex organizational problems tha n those of transactional leaders. According to Wahyuni et al., (2014) transactional leaders motivate the employees through setting goals and promising rewards upon meeting those goals. However, employees are too limited within achieving their target and getting rewards. On the other hand, Tremblay and Gibson, (2016) opined that transformational leaders offer learning opportunities to the employees and allows them to solve complex organizational problems. Therefore, transformational leaders are much more capable of making the employees responsible than those of transactional leaders. Furthermore, Epitropaki and Martin (2013) pointed out that transactional leaders often punish the employees on not achieving the organizational goals. It may discourage the employees for their further improvement. On the other hand, Odumeru and Ogbonna, (2013) opined that transformational leaders never criticize the employees publicly for any of their mistakes. Moreover, transformational leaders offer learning opportunities to learn new t hings from their mistakes. Therefore, transformational leaders are much more capable of motivating the employees towards better performance. From the above analysis, it is apparent that transformational leadership is superior to transactional leadership. Transactional leadership mainly deal with day-to-day operations, whereas, transformational leadership highly focuses on future success for an organization. Transformational leaders are much more open and adaptive than those of transactional leaders, which foster innovation in organization. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that transactional leadership manages the employees within the existing organizational framework. On the other hand, transformational leadership allows innovation and creativity of the employees towards organizational success. Transactional leaders offer rewards to the employees on achieving their desired goals. On the other hand, transformational leadership offers rewards and recognitions to the employees for demonstrating creativity and innovation. Transformational leaders are much more capable of transforming the self-interest of the employees to group interest than those of transactional leaders. Transformational leaders strongly rely on group performance that that of individual performance towards better organizational success. Transactional leaders mostly use technical knowledge for determining the change process. On the other hand, transformational leaders search for adaptive solutions for engaging the minds and hearts of the employee s in the change process. Moreover, transactional leaders mostly deals with existing perspectives of organization, whereas, transformational leaders mostly deals with future perspective of organization. Therefore, transformational leadership can better be utilized in strategic decision making of an organization than that of transactional leadership. Reference List Akbar, A. A., Sadegh, R., Chehrazi, R. (2015). Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Employees Creativity and Innovation.International Journal of Environmental Research,12(4), 1109-1123. Ali, N., Jan, S., Ali, A., Tariq, M. (2014). Transformational and Transactional Leadership as Predictors of Job Satisfaction, Commitment, Perceived Performance and Turnover Intention (Empirical Evidence from Malakand Division, Pakistan).Life Science Journal,11(5), 48-53. Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), 746-771. Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1622-1629. Choi, J. W., Han, M. Y., Sung, J. A. (2014). The Effects of Organizational Commitment on Leadership Style: Focused on Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership.Journal of the Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management,10(4), 251-264. Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), 22-49. Collins, B. J., Burrus, C. J., Meyer, R. D. (2014). Gender differences in the impact of leadership styles on subordinate embeddedness and job satisfaction.The leadership quarterly,25(4), 660-671. Epitropaki, O., Martin, R. (2013). Transformationaltransactional leadership and upward influence: The role of relative leadermember exchanges (RLMX) and perceived organizational support (POS).The Leadership Quarterly,24(2), 299-315. Furtner, M. R., Baldegger, U., Rauthmann, J. F. (2013). Leading yourself and leading others: Linking self-leadership to transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,22(4), 436-449. Hamstra, M. R., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., Sassenberg, K. (2014). Transformational and transactional leadership and followers achievement goals.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(3), 413-425. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), 117. Odumeru, J. A., Ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(2), 355. Rowold, J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Extending the transformational-transactional leadership paradigm.German Journal of Human Resource Management,28(3), 367-390. Tremblay, M., Gibson, M. (2016). The Role of Humor in the Relationship Between Transactional Leadership Behavior, Perceived Supervisor Support, and Citizenship Behavior.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,23(1), 39-54. Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A., Spieth, P. (2014). The challenge of transactional and transformational leadership in projects.International Journal of Project Management,32(3), 365-375. Wahyuni, D. U., Christiananta, B., Eliyana, A. (2014). Influence of Organizational Commitment, Transactional Leadership, and Servant Leadership to the Work Motivation, Work Satisfaction and Work Performance of Teachers at Private Senior High Schools in Surabaya.Educational Research International,3(2), 82-96.

Separating Acids and Neutral Compounds free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004). Impurities that are present in the solution can be removed by extracting them from the original solvent into another solvent. This is done by mixing two immiscible (insoluble to one another) solvents (Manion, 2004). By mixing the solvents together rapidly the exchange of the desired product from one solvent will be transferred to the other and the impurities remain in the original solvent. The two solvent layers then completely separate from each other as they are immiscible. The process washing is the reverse process, it leaves the desired compound in the original solvent and the impurities are transferred to the second solvent (Manion, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Separating Acids and Neutral Compounds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The solvent selection generally is determined by polarity, on will be polar typically wathe while the other a non-polar solution (hydrocarbon). The solvent choices that are used will always separate as they are unlike molecules and will not be able to be dissolved into each other. The result is a layering effect of the solvents within the container they are held, the denser layer of the mixture will always appear at the bottom of the container. This phenomenon allows for quick identification of the layers within the experiment with a water drop test indicating which of the solvent take on the water is the aqueous layer. If one of the compounds in the mixture can be converted into its ionic form it can be more easily extracted into an aqueous layer as it becomes soluble within the solvent (Manion, 2004). By use of acid-base reactions the ionic components that have been broken down due to the reaction become soluble with in the aqueous solutions. The techniques also need to facilitate this experiment were the use of pH paper to 2 determine acidity; determine melting points of experimentally derived substances, separate solids from solution with vacuum filtration, and to speed evaporation by use of air. Materials and Methods The extraction mixture was prepared by weighing out 0. 25-. 35 g of acetanilide, 0. 4-0. 6 g of p-toluic acid, and 0. 4-0. 6 g of p-tert-butylphenol. The exact masses weighed for the experiment were recorded in a lab notbook. Then in a 100-mL beaker 25 mL of tert-butyl methyl ether was added and the three solid compounds listed above were added and mix until dissolved. The solution was then poured into a 125-mL separatory funnel and place in a support ring attached to a stand. The extraction of the p-toulic acid was carried out by the addition of 10 mL of 0. 5M aqueous NaHCO3 being added to the separatory funnel. Then a glass stopper was placed into the funnel the funnel was inverted while keeping pressure on the stopper not allowing any of the mixture to spill out while the funnel was rocked back and forth in order to gently mix the two layers. The gas was released from the funnel periodically as the mixture was shaken until there was no longer any gas escaping from the open stopper in the funnel. The separatory funnel was then placed back on the supporting ring stand and the layers were allowed to again separate. The identity of the two layers was then determined by introducing several drops water of just below the surface of the top layer of solution with a pasture pipette in the funnel. Observation of the aqueous layer’s change was noted. The glass stopper was removed from the funnel and the stopcock on the funnel was opened to drain the aqueous layer from the funnel into a clean and labeled 100-ml beaker. The ether layer remained in the funnel as the stopcock was closed just as the bottom of the aqueous layer reached the top of the stopcock. This process was then repeated two more times with subsequent additions of 10 mL of the 0. 5M aqueous NaHCO3 and the aqueous layers drained off into the above mention labeled 100-mL beaker. Finally 5 mL of deionized water was placed into the funnel and mixed. The water was then drained off into the beaker containing the aqueous solution extracts. The solution was then saved until need later in the experiment. The extraction of the p-tert-butylphenol was then carried out in the exact same fashion as the p-toulic acid, with the exception that the aqueous solution added to the remaining ether solution was 10 mL of 0. 5M NaOH. The solution was mixed and the gas was in the funnel, along with the extraction of the aqueous layer three times into a clean and labeled 100-mL beaker. As in the previous step an addition of 5 mL of deionized water was used in the final extraction step. The extracted solution was also saved for later in the experiment as was the ether layer remaining in the separatory funnel. The retained solution from the NaHCO3 extraction was used to precipitate the P-toulic acid. Drop wise 3M HCl was added to the extracted solution carefully until no more precipitate was formed and the solution tested acidic, with a pH reading less than 3 as indicated by pH paper testing. A piece of clean filter paper was then weighed and the mass recorded in a lab notebook. A vacuum filtration system was constructed with a Buchner funnel the filter paper was used to retain the precipitate crystals that were formed in the previous process. Then the crystals were set to air dry completely atop the filter paper on a watch glass. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement. The isolation of the p-tert-butylphenol was done by first heating the NaOH extracts to 60Â ° C obtain previously in the experiment to remove any remaining tert-butyl methyl ether that could inhibit the crystallization of precipitate. The solution was heated on a hot plate in a fume hood to the desired temperature and then allowed to cool. Next, 3M HCl was added until the mixture was acid having a pH less than 3. The mixture was then placed in an ice bath to further facilitate crystallization. A piece of new filter paper was weighed and the mass recorded in a lab notebook. The filter paper was then used in a Buchner funnel filtration system to separate the p-tert-butylphenol crystals from the solution. The crystals were than placed on a watch glass along with the filter paper to air dry completely. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement. In order to isolate the acetanilide the reserved ether layer in the separatory funnel was transferred to a clean 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Then approximately 1 gram of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to remove any traces of water from the solution. The flask was then stoppered to allow the solution to dry for five minutes as it was swirled occasionally. A clean 100-mL beaker was weighed and the mass recorded and the cleared dried ether-acetanilide layer was transferred to it. The ether was then evaporated from the solution by being heated on a hotplate as a stream of air was passed over it. The remaining oily residue, the acetanilide, was crystallized by placing it in an ice bath. The acetanilide crystals were then allowed to dry, after they dried they were weighed and the mass recorded. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement.

Moment of peace Gregorian Essays - Lottery, Free Essays, Term Papers

Moment of peace Gregorian Essays - Lottery, Free Essays, Term Papers 2014-03-18 Moment of peace Gregorian The statistician David J. Hand on eerie coincidence and playing the lottery (your latest book, "The Improbability principle," aims to prove that extremely improbable events are in fact commonplace. Can you explain that a bit?) Things like roulette wheels coming up in strange configurations or the same lottery numbers hitting two weeks in a row are clearly very rare events, but if you look at the number of lotteries and the number of roulette wheels, then you realize that you should actually expect these sorts of things to happen. I think within the statistical community people accept this. They're aware of the impact of the law of truly large numbers. (Why do you think this book will appeal to people outside the mathematics world?) Most people have had some experience like that: bumping into a friend in a strange city, thinking of someone just before they phone you - we've all had that sort of experience, and they do make you think: Wow, how did that happen? Is there's something funn y going on? Is somebody in control, guiding us through these things? (You're pretty harsh with people who believe that there's some kind of magic or divine intervention that makes these coincidences happen. Do you think that this takes the whimsy out of strange occurrences?) All I'm doing is saying, Look, you can explain these things using natural laws. Whether it takes the whimsy out of it - I don't think so. I don't think it taller the magic away - the psychological magic, I mean. I think the wonder is still there. (You use gambling a lot to prove your points. Are you a good poker player?) No, I've been to Las Vegas a couple of times, and I haven't played because I know that the house has the edge and will win - they'll gradually take my money away from me. The first time I went, my wife came with me. She insisted on playing some low stakes same, and I said, "Don't, you will just lose gradually." Guess what? She ended up winning. It was most frustrating for me. (Any advice for pla ying the lottery?) Funny enough, one of the most common combinations is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. So you buy that ticket it comes up, you think, Wow. I've won! And you tell your boss what you think of him, and you leave your job and then you discover 5,000 other people chose the same number. That's not so good. If you look at the lottery card and go across the top or down a diagonal or something, or use birthdays or something like that, other people are likely to do the same thing. The best thing to do is to use a random selection of numbers, and most of winning New York Powerball and 1 in 175 million - probably one of the worst I've come across. (You also write that geographical clusters of people with diseased might not necessarily be a result of environmental issues. It could just be a coincidence. Well, they could be due to some sort of pollution of infectious disease or something like that, but you can expect clusters to occur just by chance as well. So it's an interesting statistic al problem to tease these things out. Is this a genuine cluster in the sense that there's a cause behind it? Or is it a chance cluster? (So we shouldn't dismiss those coincidences) No, but if you do see such a cluster, then you should work out the chance that you would see such a cluster purely randomly, purely by chance, and if it's very low odds, then you should investigate carefully. (I was really surprised to read that 24,000 people die from lightning strikes each year. That seems like a lot.) That's worldwide, so it includes people in less-developed countries who spend a lot of time in the open and in fields and things like that. We tend to think about our own experience, and you're probably like I am, sitting in an office block, and the chance of us getting struck by lightning is pretty small. (That's good point. How about the

Latin America News Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Latin America News Review - Essay Example Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal and natural gas. These sources of energy are non-renewable. Lack of deliberating a course towards sustainable development would lead to depletion of the non-renewable energy sources. Big oil corporations hinder the development of renewable sources of energy, and the also receive the government’s support since they are a significant source of government revenue through the immense taxes they pay. A study by Mark Jacobson (2009) aims at strategizing on how a hundred percent of the world’s energy is achievable through the use of renewable sources. With the changes the world has been experiencing, campaign on the use of biofuels has been on the rise since it is a more sustainable source of energy. The Latin American governments have been creating awareness and opportunities such as tax incentives to companies that utilize green energy in their production activities. Renewable sources of energy include solar power, biogas, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol and algae concentrates. In Brazil, production of vehicles that use biofuels is ongoing (Digest 2015). As at now reliance on fossil fuels has been on the decline since the introduction of fuel blends. For1 example, diesel that is a fossil fuel may be combined in bio-diesel to produce a more sustainable source of fuel. The Latin American governments should, therefore, strategize and formulate policies that will encourage the use of biofuels and green energy. Through this, the countries will not only experience economic development but also will ensure that the development is sustainable. Digest, Bio fuels. positive review of sustainable development of biofuels in latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, February 16th, 2015. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/16/positive-review-of-sustainable-development-of-biofuels-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/ Lawrence, Frank Thomas and John. Conversion to renewable energy is going

Are human rights simply extensions of natural rights Essay

Are human rights simply extensions of natural rights - Essay Example (United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948) These rights to life, property, liberty and peaceful co-existence among men and nations are based on equity and natural obligation however without any positive, substantive and procedural laws to govern the actions of each man and nation, then anarchy, chaos, and lawlessness ensue as men and nations are, at times, motivated by power, self-interest and greed. This being so, they are predisposed to use violence and inflict harm upon those who stand in their way. The aggrieved party indeed has natural rights to be protected against any transgression, tort, or injury however without any legal structure that prescribes how relief or restitution may be instituted then the compulsory compliance cannot be effected. It would appear that duly constituted governments have enacted laws which enshrine the basic human rights to life, liberty and property, including, among others, the right to free speech and assembly, freedom of abode, e qual opportunity and more importantly, the right not to be discriminated against by reason of gender, race, disability, education, belief or political affiliation. II. Statement of Issue/s One school of thought is that human rights is simply an extension of natural rights making the same self-executing thus this paper shall determine if this proposition or theory may be defended and supported by statutory enactments as well judicial interpretations. III. Statement of Relevant Historical Development In this jurisdiction, the rights evolution started in 1689 when the Parliament enacted the Bill of Rights, otherwise known as An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. It delineated the powers of the sovereign, the Parliament including its freedom of speech, the necessity of regular elections and the right to appeal the monarch without apprehension of reprisal or punishment. It similarly re-instated the liberty of Protestants to arm and protect themselves within the realm of law as lawless elements were themselves armed and employed ruses contrary to law. Even the succession to the throne was subject of a decree which was crafted in 1700 and took effect in 1701, otherwise known as the 1701 Act of Settlement the Bill of Rights. However the enactment in 1931 of the Statute of Westminster in each of the Commonwealth realms marked the beginning that the Bill of Rights cannot be altered in any realm except by its own parliament, and if applicable by convention with the consent of all the other realms, if it involves the succession issues to the shared throne. In this jurisdiction, the Bill of Rights is complemented by Magna Carta 1215 which is a written instrument granting a more limited power to the king respecting property and successional rights of barons and freemen who held lands directly of the Crown, including the fees levied, payment of debts, services to be rendered and such other rights are inscribed to a vert any dispute. While Habeas Corpus Act 1679 confers rights upon those persons charged of an offense but are nonetheless unduly detained may file a petition for such person or body to be produced at such time and place determined by the judge upon payment of

Functional Areas Of Business Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas Of Business Essay There has been an ongoing debate between enlisted members and commissioned officers of the United States Military about effective leadership and the scope of control. Enlisted Service Personnel are usually the worker bees, are not managerial in nature, with combat and field experience. Commissioned Officers are the leaders of the enlisted members. Commissioned Officers usually are the ones that can be personified as managers, with little to no field or combat experience. This debate stems from Commissioned Officers executing their managerial roles, how it affects the enlisted member, and how it effects the overall mission. Leadership, strategic planning, law, human resources management, will be utilized to analyze the role of a manager within the functional areas of business. Leadership Most employees will follow an effective leader if the manager exudes confidence, is not a hypocrite, and believes in the organization’s mission statement wholeheartedly. The adage, If a manager has to claim to be a leader, it almost seems as though he or she is trying to convince themselves that they are a leader, instead of showing that the manager is capable of leading. Motivation, inspiration, and being levelheaded are great attributes in being a great leader. Managers do not have to be an efficient leader in order to get things done, however, they should know how to manage those effective and efficient leaders in order to see the project or mission through. Most effective leaders are effective by being prepared and knowledgeable with some strategic planning. Strategic Planning As the adhesive that was so meticulously put there to hold up that model ship which is encased in a glass bottle, there is a plethora of minutia detail that goes into planning. With regards to the military, it takes an almost insurmountable amount of planning just to execute even the smallest of missions. This component is imperative to have in the manager’s toolbox, in order to maintain the survivability of the organization. A person that fails to plan, he or she plans to fail. Managers have to stay on top of planning, even if it means that sometimes coming into the organization on weekends, or coming in earlier than their standard start time. The organization also depends deeply on the legal department to ensure that the organization will not fall privy to legal troubles. Read more:  Functional Areas Of Business Law There are legal boundaries that dictate what can or cannot take place in the business world. Businesses hire witty, educated, and self-starting legal individuals to interpret the laws. There is a ton of small laws that can get an organization in or out of legal calamity. It could be a zoning law issue, or a morality issue, or what is common with big organizations is an environment issue. Managers have to be cognizant and stay on top of these issues in order to be a successful manager. In order a successful manager, there have to be some exceptional employees. Those employees hire through Human Resources. Human Resources Management Filtering out among the mass applicant pool to hire the best employees that are most suited for the position, rectifying current employees pay if needed, ensuring equal opportunity to the employees are all components of what it means to be in the human resources department. Managers have a few components to deal with when it comes to human resources. According to an a Forbes article, administrative director at a law-firm wrote that she needed some advice. The administrators employee was pregnant and she wanted to find a way to fire her before the employee tells anyone. She further stated that the pregnant woman would cost the organization a temporary hire, adding that after the baby is born the pregnant woman is sure to miss work due to baby illness. (Ryan, 2014) Managers have to be aware that it is illegal to fire someone for pregnancy, and need to have the wherewithal to be firm, but understand that employees have a choice of motherhood as well as having a  career. Managers in hu man resources can sometimes be the epitome for the managers throughout the entire organization that set the tone for the organization. When a manager from human resources has to fire an individual, if they are not careful the methods that are used can be detrimental to the entire organization. If the manager calls, emails, or texts the individual that in two weeks time that the person will be fired or laid off, that individual now has time to sabotage, slack-off, give trade secrets to competitive organizations or do something physically harmful to himself or the people at the organization. If the manager tells the individual that is to be fired to come into the office and let’s discuss some of the options that a person may have face-to-face, makes that terminated employee somewhat at ease. The terminated employee will not have to tackle this daunting situation alone. Supply Management In order to stay relevant in business, managers understand that they must have quality products at a reasonable rate from their suppliers. However, when the rates are unreasonable, managers should seek out other suppliers that will accommodate the organization’s budget. â€Å"Mooney agrees that managers will usually be keen on a purchasing department that is good at finding savings. But, he warns, even this can be a double-edged sword, because they can be expected to be much less enthusiastic when it is their area of spend that is being touched upon.† (Wheatley, 2005) Managers have to be diligent and understand that the purchasing department, if not fully understood, can break the financial infrastructure of an organization. Conclusion Being a great leader will comprise of attributes such as not being temperamental, inspirational and having the ability to motivate. Being able to strategically plan has to be in the managers repertoire, in order to efficiently run the organization. Laws are meant to be interpreted by the legal team to ensure the organization does not end up in legal trouble. Human resource managers have to be careful with the way they handle terminating employees. Finding the best supplier with a quality product, for a reasonable price is what managers should reach for in order to have a thriving organization. References University of Phoenix. MBA Overview Module. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/521 Website Wheatley, M. (2005, May). Supply Management. 10-11. Ryan, L. (2014, April). You Think Your Manager is Slimy? Check Out These Guys. Forbes, (), . Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/lizryan/2014/04/08/you-think-your-manager-is-slimy-check-out-these-guys/

Violent Literature of the 1960s Essays -- Violence Vietnam War Litera

Violent Literature of the 1960's Like any idealistic movement of the 1960’s the anti war movement began as an impassioned protest. Peaceful rhetoric dictated by the emerging counter culture lined its foundations, propelling it into existence and giving it such hope and fervor it was impossible to ignore. Causes such as this were the catalyst for togetherness and comradery within and around communities. The Free Speech Movement set the stage for this national awakening, forcing the public to open their eyes to the issues at hand. Mario Savio’s cries for action rung out in the ears of the country, sparking an uprising of young idealistic believers; they had to put a stop to a war already reeking of death. Some of the most honest literature was created during the anti war movement, narrating the course of emotional attachment and dedication individuals felt. As Andrew Gordon wrote: â€Å"The time was ripe, America was ours, and we were going to change the world: Paradise Now or Apocalypse Now† (Por table Sixties Reader 231). The Free Speech Movement (FSM) began as a simple protest of the unjust enforcement of laws by school officials. Peaceful civil disobedience bled into more direct action as the cause grew, drawing increasing support from students and the surrounding community. Mario Savio sat in the center of this whirlwind transfer of power and emotion, summoning from within himself a passion that soon took hold of the Berkeley campus. The FSM became more than just a movement to gain rights; it became a national anthem of student progress and the ability to truly change an institution. Prior to entering Sproul Hall, student demonstrators listened as Savio fervently called them into action: There is a time when the op... ...both literally as well as through literature. Peace was born of idealistic individuals willing to fight with their words and diplomatic actions. This peace then mutated into a revolutionary society filled with radical leaders calling for violence to stop the war; a proverbial situation where fire was being used to fight fire. This flourish of harmony that existed throughout the country was inevitably weak, equipped to break at any moment. Thompson writes of this disintegration: â€Å"†¦with the right kind of eyes you can almost see the high-water mark—that place where the wave finally broke and rolled back† (Thompson 68). Literature from the 1960’s stands today as some of the most powerful narration of the domestic struggle out country witnessed. It documents the rocky movements of students and communities alike and paints an amazing picture of the battle to end the war.

Advertising- the seven sins of memory Essay

INTRODUCTION As if effective marketing communication were not hard enough to achieve, even if we succeed in getting our message attended to and processed, and a positive intention formed, the very nature of memory may step in and upset everything. Memory distortion and plain old forgetting are unfortunate facts of life. The important question, however, is: can we do anything about it? As with most things, if we are to have any hope of dealing with memory problems and their impact upon advertising and other marketing communications, we must first understand what is going on. In this paper we will be looking at what Daniel Schacter (2001) has called ‘the seven sins of memory’: transcience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias and persistence. Most of what Schacter is dealing with involves declarative memory and not procedural memory, and as a result is highly dependent upon activity in the hippocampus. Although other brain structures are involved in mediati ng declarative memory, the hippocampus is critical, especially for tasks emphasising the representational as opposed to temporal properties of declarative memory. The hippocampus is always active in encoding new information for declarative memory. Nondeclarative emotional memory is also involved here, especially in the cases of bias and persistence, which means activity in the amygdala as well. There is compelling evidence that the amygdala is critical to emotional learning and memory (cf. Griffiths 1997). Imperfections in memory have obvious implications for the successful processing of advertising. Even if a positive intention is formed as a result of exposure to an advert, if a memory malfunction interferes with that intention, the advertising will be ineffective. The problems associated with these ‘seven sins of memory’, and what advertisers can do about it, are discussed below. THE SIN OF TRANSIENCE Forgetting that naturally occurs over time may be thought of as transcience. While the memory of what one did yesterday may be all but perfect, over time those memories tend to become more a generic description of what one expects to happen under those circumstances rather than what actually did happen. †¢Advertising implication: The sin of transience implies that what people ‘recall’ from advertising is much more likely to reflect a generic description of what is expected about a brand rather than the specific benefits that are part of the message. This has clear implications for interpreting recall measures of advertising messages. But, more importantly, it also suggests that the specific content of marketing communication should be consistent with, or carefully integrated with, prior understandings of the brand. A recent advert for Reynolds Wrap illustrates this can be done with a headline ‘Sticky Foods Won’t Stic’ spelled out in cheese on a pan of lasagne, with a portion cut out of the corner cutting off the last letter of ‘stick’, revealing the aluminium foil, clean, beneath. Transcience increases with age. While older adults those over 50 years of age have the same ability to remember in the short term as younger people, over time, memory of specific detail deteriorates more rapidly. As a result, older adults tend to rely upon a general sense of ‘knowing’ rather than specific recall. The problem of memory transience can be mediated by more elaborative encoding, essentially by stimulating the lower left frontal cortex. One popular way of trying to encourage more elaborate encoding is by using visual imagery mnemonics to facilitate memory. In fact, this idea goes back to the early Greeks. Unfortunately for marketing communication, not only does using visual mnemonics require a great deal of concentration and effort (and there is no easy way to encourage such effort), but for most people there is really very little evidence of general memory improvement using such techniques. †¢Advertising implication: However, one way to encourage more elaborative encoding to help reduce transcience is to relate information the target audience is interested in remembering with something they already know. In advertising, this could be encouraged with questions in the copy to stimulate elaboration: for example, in a recent advert for the Dodge Caravan with the headline ‘What Idiot Coined the Phrase ‘Stay at Home Mom’?’ THE SIN OF ABSENT-MINDEDNESS When one fails to pay proper attention to something and as a result does not encode it properly, or when the information is actually in memory, but overlooked when needed to be retrieved, one experiences the sin of absent-mindedness. Absent-mindedness manifests itself both in failing to  remember past experiences as well as in failing to remember to do something in the future. Both, of course, can prove troublesome for marketing communication. Also, the fact that absentmindedness is more likely for routine experiences that do not in and of themselves require elaborative encoding (e.g. exposure to advertising) adds to the problem. Unfortunately, routine behaviour (which certainly includes such things as reading magazines and watching television) is associated with low levels of prefrontal cortex activity in the left inferior area, which makes it difficult to form vivid memories. Such automatic or superficial levels of encoding can also lead to something known as ‘change blindn ess’ (Simons & Levin 1998), where people fail to detect changes over time, because of an inability to recall details. This has obvious implications for the introduction of new benefits over time in advertising campaigns, or for repositioning. Memories for past experiences may be classified as either recollections or familiarity. Recalling specific details from memory (e.g. remembering specific benefit claims from an advert) is defined as recollection. Familiarity is when one has a sense of simply being aware of something without recalling specific details (e.g. remembering ‘seeing’ an advert, but not particular content). This difference is important, because when there is divided attention during exposure, there is a significant effect upon recollection, but little or no effect upon familiarity (cf. studies by Craik et al. 1996). †¢Advertising implication: Because one is more likely to pay partial attention rather than full attention to advertising, familiarity with advertising is more likely than recollection of specifics from the advertisement. This underscores the importance of maintaining a consistent ‘look and feel’ over time (Percy et al. 2001), encouraging familiarity, and utilising imagery that will elicit a positive benefit (associated with the brand) even at low or even sub-cognitive levels of attention. Additionally, too much exposure, especially massed exposure, could lead to lower levels of specific ‘recollection’ (as we understand from as long ago as Ebbinghaus 1885). Spaced exposures generally result in better memory, a finding demonstrated in Strong’s simulations (1974) of various media schedules based upon Zielske’s work, and more recently in fMRI studies conducted by Wagner et al. (1998). Remembering to do something in the future (e.g. buying an advertised brand the next time you are shopping) is described by psychologists as  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœprospective memory’. Einstein and McDaniel (1990, 1997 with Shaw) have offered a useful way of looking at this idea of prospecti ve memory, distinguishing between what they call ‘event-based’ prospective memory, where we want to remember to do something at a specific event, and ‘time-based’ prospective memory, when one wishes to remember to do something at a specific time in the future. An example of event-based prospective memory would be wanting to buy a new brand the next time you are at the store. An example of time-based prospective memory would be making sure you are home at 3p.m. to meet the delivery man. Why people experience prospective memory failure is that they are usually so preoccupied with other things in their lives that when the event occurs, or the time arrives when it is necessary to remember to do something, the correct associations in memory are not activated. †¢Advertising implication: Prospective memory failure may be minimised in advertising by using distinctive cues that are unlikely to be associated with other long-term memories (especially for competitive brands). It is important to establish links in memory with the appropriate category need in such a way that when a purchase or usage occasion occurs, it will trigger a memory of the intention to act. This is especially true for recognition-driven brand awareness, which means for most package goods products. In the store point-of-purchase material as well as packaging must be both sufficiently informative to trigger the stored memory of an intention to buy, and be distinctive enough to minimise confusion with other brand memories. Shoppers are almost always in a hurry and preoccupied with other things when they are in a store, and this may get in the way of attending to the appropriate prospective memory cue. This is just the sort of thing that goes on when a salesman creates a distraction, hoping you will forget all about your initial good intentions not to be influenced by his pitch, as we know from the literature on compliant behaviour (cf. Cialdini 2001). THE SIN OF BLOCKING We are all familiar with the sin of blocking, that all-too-familiar experience of recognising someone but not being able to remember their name. According to Schacter (2001), blocking is not the same thing as absent-mindedness or transience. In the case of blocking, the memory has been encoded and stored, unlike absent-mindedness. In fact, an appropriate  retrieval cue could be in place, but the association is just not made. Unlike transience, with blocking, the information is still in memory, but remains just out of reach when required. Because blocking generally occurs when trying to remember names, it potentially can be a problem for brand names. Blocking seems to originate in the left temporal pole, where there is a breakdown in the link made between the characteristics associated with something and the name by which it is known. The reason people often have trouble remembering someone’s name is that a person’s name tends to be isolated in memory from any conceptual knowledge about that person and, as a result, difficult to retrieve. Most models of name retrieval hold that activation of phonological representations in memory occur only after activation of conceptual and visual representations. This is why it is easier to recall something about a person than to recall their name. It is also what can lead to remembering something about a product without being able to recall the brand name. Interestingly, names that are most likely to be blocked are familiar ones which have not recently been encountered (Burke et al. 1991. †¢Advertising implication: Brand names that are not well integrated or related to obvious associations with category need will be highly susceptible to blocking. If there are no logical and immediate links in memory between a brand name and the category need, there is the ri sk of occasional blocking. Arbitrary or more abstract brand names will be blocked more often than descriptive brand names, even when those names are equally familiar to people (cf. Brdant & Valentine 1998). Brand names such as Vitalegs (a herbal gel that relieves tired legs) and Soft Scrub (a cleanser that enables you to clean without harsh scratching) illustrate good descriptive brand names that are less likely to be susceptible to blocking. To minimise blocking, it is necessary to suppress the retrieval of recently encountered information that is related to a recall cue so that the mind is not cluttered with irrelevancies that could interfere with the desired memory. †¢Advertising implication: When a brand possesses identical or similar benefits as the leading brand in its category, it will be that much harder to build an association for those benefits with the brand because of learned interference from advertising for the leading brand. This again suggests the need to have copy (and packaging as well as other marketing communication) unique to a brand in order to avoid multiple connections in  memory that could minimise or override the desired brand-related memory. Certain retrieval inhibitions that lead to blocking can be ‘released’ if we encounter a sufficiently powerful cue (e.g. nondeclarative emotional memories) that helps us re-experience something in the same way in which it was initially experienced. Appropriate triggers in advertising or other marketing communication that elicit the correct emotional memories may help overcome retrieval inhibitions, and release positive memories for a brand. A wonderful advert for Nestl’s Toll House chocolate chips showing a mother with a pan of chocolate chip cookies fresh out of the oven with a little girl looking on in anticipation perfectly illustrates this point. THE SIN OF MISATTRIBUTION If one correctly remembers something learned, but attributes it to the wrong source, this is misattribution. Often referred to as ‘unconscioustransference’, it causes real problems with eyewitness identification. The problem stems from a strong sense of general familiarity, coupled with an absence of specific recollection. While the consequences of misattribution in advertising are obviously not as serious as they are with eyewitness identification, it can nevertheless cause marketers real problems. †¢Advertising implication: Avoiding misattribution requires more than simply retrieving appropriate benefits from memory. The benefit must be linked together in memory in such a way that you make the correct association of the brand with its benefit claim. This linking process is known as ‘memory binding’. All of the important brandbenefit associations in advertising must be bound together by the receiver into a unifying whole at the time of encoding. When advertising for different brands is visually or verbally similar, this memory binding is unlikely to occur, leading to memory conjunction error. Memory conjunction errors occur because people misattribute strong familiarity with similar (even if not identical) things from more than one source as coming from a single source; brand advertising in our case. Interestingly, a strong visualverbal congruence can help minimise misattribution (cf. Schacter et al. 1999). A recent series of adverts for Good Humor-Breyers uses the exact format and headline (‘Less fat, fewer calories, no guilt’) for three brands: Popsicle, Breyers and Klondike. This would seem to almost encourage misattribution. THE SIN OF SUGGESTIBILITY Suggestibility in memory occurs because one tends to include information that has been learned from an outside source as something personally experienced. This information may come from any external source, including advertising or other marketing communication. While suggestibility is similar to the sin of misattribution, misattribution does not require suggestions from outside sources. But when the two combine, it is quite possible for us to develop memories of something which in fact never occurred. †¢Advertising implication: Interestingly, while suggestibility may be a ‘sin’ of memory, in the world of marketing communication this sin may often become a blessing. For example, suggestive questions may produce memory distortions by creating source memory problems. As a result, advertising that utilises questions that remind people of a favourable brand association could occasion a ‘memory’ for that positive experience, even if it never occurred, e.g.: ‘Remember how easy it is to remove those nasty stains when you use our brand?’ Schacter has suggested that if you embellish a fake memory with vivid mental images it should make it look and feel like a true memory. This is based upon work done by Hyman and Pentland (1996) in successfully creating false childhood memories via suggestion, simply by asking subjects about things that never occurred. One of the important conclusions they drew from their work is that these false memories produce vivid visual images. †¢Advertising implication: The application to advertising is obvious. If a suggested favourable experience with a brand is reinforced with a strong visual image of such an experience, it should help seed a memory of a positive experience. In an extension of th ese ideas, we know that one of the best ways to elicit early childhood memories is to ask someone to ‘visualise’ themselves as children. While there is no evidence that anyone can remember anything much earlier than about two years of age, because the areas of the brain needed for episodic memory are not fully mature until that age, with suggestive visualisation techniques one can create false ‘memories’ for events going back almost to birth (cf. Spanos et al. 1999). The key here, as in all suggestibility, is expectancy. If one is instructed to expect something, and it seems plausible, it is possible to create rather strong false memories. †¢Advertising implication: It is very difficult to  suggest a false memory for something that runs counter to a recent or strong existing memory. If you don’t like a brand, advertising is not likely to create a false memory that you do; nor should you try. But if a brand is one of a set of brands used by the receiver, it is certainly possible to suggest more positive experiences with that brand. And if it is a brand they have not used, if the advertising c an relate it to a positive experience from childhood, it is quite possible to suggest positive memories for the benefit, and then link it to the brand. THE SIN OF BIAS The sin of bias reflects how current understandings, beliefs and feelings have the ability to distort how one interprets new experiences and the memory of them. Biases that are associated with memory of past experiences will greatly influence how one perceives and understands new information or situations. Schacter talks about five major types of bias: consistency, change, hindsight, egocentric and stereotypical biases. Gazzaniga (1998) has identified something in the left brain that he calls an ‘interpreter’ that continuously draws upon people’s experiences and understanding of things in order to provide some stability to their psychological world. This would seem to be the neurological source of biases, and utilises such things as inferences, rationalisations and generalisations in relating the past with the present, enabling people to justify their present attitudes with past experiences and feelings. The left brain interpreter, however, is mediated by systems in the right brain that are more attuned to actual representations of what is going on in the world around us. Consistency and change bias Consistency bias reflects a tendency to behave (or believe) today in a fashion consistent with how one remembers similar previous experiences. When this happens, current experiences and feelings are filtered through and made to match memories of those past experiences and feelings. Because memories are not ‘exact’, people tend to infer their past beliefs, attitudes and feelings from what they are experiencing today. †¢Advertising implication: This suggests that for people who hold current positive attitudes toward a brand, advertising could imply they are of long standing. For brand switchers who include a particular brand in their purchase set, advertising  could imply a long standing preference for that brand: ‘You know you have always liked this brand, why not buy more?’ Something similar occurs with change bias, where one remembers something being worse than it actually was, making what they feel now an improvement by comparison. Both consistency and change bias can occur because they help reduce cognitive dissonance, even when someone is not really aware of the source of the inconsistency they are trying to manage (Lieberman et al. 2000). Hindsight bias Hindsight bias is that familiar feeling that one has always known something would happen after becoming aware of the outcome. One is reconstructing the past to make it consistent with the present. The key here seems to be an activation of general knowledge. The new information is integrated with other general knowledge in semantic memory, and is not distinguished as such in making judgements. There is evidence that this selective recall is a function of the general knowledge that influences perception and comprehension, and a vulnerability to misattribution. †¢Advertising implication: Hindsight bias would seem to indicate that when exposed to advertising or other marketing communication one will ‘recall’ benefit claims that are not actually made, but which would have been expected to be there because of the claims that actually were made. Work by Carli (1999) tends to support this idea. Recent adverts for Infusium 23 set up a ‘beforeafter’ case, but lea ve out the ‘before’ picture, with the headline ‘You really think I would let them publish the before picture?’ This clever execution encourages hindsight bias as you imagine the ‘before’ hair problem. Egocentric bias The ‘self ‘ plays an important role in one’s ongoing mental life, and is at the root of egocentric bias. When encoding new information by relating it to the self, memory for that information will be better than other types of encoding. This is because people are more likely to value their own understanding of things, among other reasons because the self-concept plays a key role in regulating mental activity. As Taylor (1989) and her colleagues have pointed out, individuals do not see themselves objectively. †¢Advertising implication: The implication is obvious: include personal references in advertising and other marketing communication. Moreover, given  our tendency to see ourselves in a positive light, it follows that memories related to ourselves will be seen in a self-enhancing light. This suggests that copy asking people to remember a situation in a positive light should encourage an egocentric memory bias, e.g.: ‘remember when you ‘. In the same way, egocentric bias can result from exaggerating the difficulty of past experiences: ‘remember how hard it was to ‘. This idea is well illustrated in a campaign for National Rail’s Senior Railcard, where a dated-looking picture of a young child is featured, with headlines like ‘Remember what it was like to go somewhere for the first time’ and ‘Remember how it felt just to let yourself go’. THE SIN OF PERSISTENCE Research has shown that emotionally charged experiences are better remembered than less emotional occasions. The sin of persistence involves remembering things you wish you would forget, and it is strongly associated with one’s emotional experiences. †¢Advertising implication: Emotionally-charged information automatically attracts attention; and even in the briefest exposure, the emotional significance of it will be retrieved from nondeclarative emotional memory, and evaluated as to how that information will be encoded. Understanding the emotional associations generated by specific advertising is critical. Because people are more likely to remember the central focus of emotionally arousing information rather than peripheral details, it is essential to tie the brand in marketing communication to the appropriate emotion. Otherwise, it will become peripheral to the information conveyed (a problem with a lot of highly entertaining advertising). There is evidence that persiste nce thrives in negative emotional situations such as disappointment, sadness and regret. One’s memory of traumatic experiences is persistent, and while these unwanted memories may occur in any of the senses, visual memories are by far the most common. Research reported by Ochsner (2000) supports this idea. He found that when people recognise a positive visual image they tend to just say it is familiar to them. But when they recognise negative visual images, people relate detailed, specific memories of what they thought and felt when they were originally exposed to the picture. †¢Advertising implication: All of this underscores the importance of the visual images in advertising and other forms of marketing communication. Because persistence thrives in a negative emotional climate,  if advertising illustrates disappointment or problems dealing with a situation, which is resolved by using the brand, this should tap into any persistent memories of product dissatisfaction (always assuming such dissatisfaction). It also suggests that for appropriate product categories (especially those reflecting high-involvement informational decisions such as medical or other insurance, financial planning, and so forth) visual ‘reminders’ of past problems which could be avoided with a b rand should be an effective strategy. Such a strategy should also be equally effective in situations where there is strong psychological risk involved, e.g. reminding young people of a social ‘disaster’ which would never occur if they used our brand. The root of much of this kind of activity is centred within the amygdala, the source of nondeclarative emotional memory. It is the amygdala that regulates memory storage, and can release hormones that can ‘force’ us to remember an experience vividly (LeDoux 1996). And as we have already noted, this response by the amygdala is much more likely to occur for negative than positive experience. †¢Advertising implication: For appropriate product categories, it could make sense to create situations in advertising that suggest possible threats to the receiver’s wellbeing. This ‘threat’ may then well intrude upon active memory when thinking about the category, with our brand linked to avoiding the trouble. This is well illustrated in a recent advert for Imitrex, an ethical drug for migraine, that uses the headline ‘I can’t let a migraine call the shots that’s why I use Imitrex’. SUMMARY Schacter has provided us with an extremely useful framework for looking at memory problems: his seven sins of memory. Each of these ‘imperfections’ (in his words) has the potential for interfering with the successful processing of advertising and other marketing communication. Recent work in neurobiology, utilising the recent technology of fMRIs (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and PET scans (positron emission tomography), has shown us that our earlier understanding of memories as ‘snapshots’ stored away in the mind ready to be recalled is not how the brain works. Memories for objects and experiences are decomposed into a number of different parts and those parts are stored in various areas of the brain, waiting to be reassembled and ‘remembered’. This underscores why memories are rarely  perfect, and why they can be potentially unreliable. As this discussion makes clear, effective communication faces a number of formidable hurdles in m emory. However, forewarned with this knowledge, we are in a better position to avoid or at least minimise some of these potential problems. To help advertising communication overcome the seven sins of memory, advertisers should: †¢ensure the message is carefully integrated with how a brand is understood (transcience) †¢encourage elaboration of points the target is interested in remembering (transcience) †¢use personal references, especially to positive memories (bias) †¢imply current positive brand attitudes are of long standing (bias) †¢tie brands to appropriate emotions (blocking, persistence) †¢use distinctive cues not likely to be associated with other longterm memories (absent-mindedness) †¢create a unique brandbenefit claim link (misattribution) †¢establish links in memory to appropriate category need (absentmindedness) †¢make sure those links are well integrated with obvious associations to the category need (blocking) †¢ensure a consistent ‘look and feel’ over time to encourage familiarity (absent-mindedness) †¢use strong visual images to create or reinforce positive memories associated with the brand (suggestibility) †¢utilise reminders of past problems that could be avoided or solved by the brand (persistence). 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